China: The Advantages And Disadvantages of International Trade Essay

Universal exchange has consistently been an alluring thought for traders and representative since days of yore. There is consistently a chance to sell more, make more benefits, increment the piece of the pie, evacuate irregularity vacillations of interest and flexibly, increment in profitability, and obviously a business or even a nation learns a great deal on the item advancement innovations and techniques from working with different nations or areas. Exchange additionally prompts higher GDP, better and more selections of items for purchasers, increment in rivalry in local market prompts serious costs which is useful for customers, rivalry likewise prompts better quality in merchandise and enterprises, and lessens joblessness and destitution. Hence, this prompts development and developing of a nations economy overall and furthermore the organizations in question. Exchange likewise prompts a few issues that are not that conspicuous at the beginning of exchange. Despite the fact that exchange will in general increment work one country it might prompt occupation cuts in another. As organizations move producing for example from more extravagant countries to third world or creating countries, they exploit the modest work, more fragile work arrangements, more vulnerable ecological strategies, and backing of the administrations in these nations. They can enroll more and in this manner produce more for less. Be that as it may, this prompts work cuts in the parent rich countries. Exchange likewise prompts work cuts in the creating and underdeveloped nations because of rivalry with multinationals from created countries and furthermore because of introduction to computerization and modernization. Numerous organizations can't endure high efficiency and serious evaluating of more grounded organizations from more extravagant countries and in this manner at long last may prompt shutting down of more fragile organizations and joblessness even with rivalry. However, we likewise need to understand that work additionally increments through the new organizations from the more extravagant countries. Generally speaking there is a likely increment in work. There is an issue of expanding pay disparities in China. As the business houses will in general exploit more fragile strategies in labor and condition, there will be ecological contamination prompting wellbeing and natural difficulties; further work separation prompting more vulnerable social prosperity. Organizations especially additionally need to understand that assurance of Intellectual property rights may not be perceived or comprehended or if nothing else frail in a portion of the countries consequently, prompting theft, copyright infringement, licenses infringement, item duplicates and so forth. This may well disintegrate the upper hand, and the brand picture of organizations. The above remarks on universal exchange can be firmly connected with the global exchange including China. China has become the assembling center of the world. Generous piece of the economy of China relies upon worldwide exchange. The focal points it gives for different nations to arrangement fabricating plants in China is its solid government support for FDIs, Infrastructure improvement, modest work, powerless condition and work laws, new solid market arrive at which incorporates China, India, Japan, Russia, Korea, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia and so on, access to modest Chinese provider base, consequently bigger deals and benefits, irregularity of item flexibly and request can be overseen (one can generally sell the item in China and the business sectors near it if the interest is lower in North America or Europe). US has benefitted impressively through exchange with China. Deals of items from US have developed in notoriety in China boosting US multinationals (Expanded exc hange with China has, truth be told, been a gift for huge U.S. multinationals like Boeing, Caterpillar, and Cargill, which had trumpeted the possibility of a huge Chinese market for American items and administrations. China is the world’s quickest developing business sector for business avionics, and necessities billions of dollars worth of planes from Boeing. Its developing framework has been a help for organizations like Caterpillar, which produces tractors and other substantial hardware. Furthermore, it is bringing in billions of dollars worth of ranch items, a help to organizations like Cargill. A year ago, China purchased $2.9 billion worth of soybeans †the top U.S. trade harvest to China. China likewise has demonstrated to be a developing business sector for U.S.- made compost and synthetic substances.). China’s benefits were as per the following: its economy has been developing at a fast rate (for example, China’s economy developed at a normal pace of 10% every year during the period 1990-2004, the most elevated development rate on the planet.), the subsequent increment in business action definitely decreased destitution (China has been credited for enormously brin ging down the level of East Asian populace living in neediness in an ongoing World Bank report †from 80% to 18% in a range of 20 years), made work (Foreign speculation stays a solid component in China’s quick extension in world exchange and has been a significant factor in the development of urban occupations.), saw a huge development in urban communities (populace: 30% urban in 1950, evaluated 60% urban in 2030, 19 super urban communities > 10 million, 22 urban communities with 5 with 10 million, 370 urban communities with 1 to 5 million, 440 urban areas with 0.5 to 1 million), expanded the innovation and business presentation of residential firms and the nations mechanical aptitude (China has procured some profoundly refined creation offices through exchange and furthermore has fabricated various propelled designing plants equipped for assembling an expanding scope of complex gear, including atomic weapons and satellites.); Making the organizations and the nation progressively serious, expanded the assortment of items accessible to the shoppers, residential makers developed and expanded rivalry in neighborhood advertise (for example Shanghai engines), costs got serious, Chinese providers sufficiently developed to help the large multinationals (for example Toyota, GM) in Japan and China, exchange has helped Chinese government gain enormous incomes because of exchange that assists with expanding speculation open government assistance and social foundation, along these lines expanding the general prosperity of China, China is additionally sending out and bringing in to and from numerous nations individually in this way, it can oversee irregularity in the gracefully and request of the items required by occupying trades (Cheap Chinese merchandise fare to South Asian, and South East Asian markets) and exchanging wellsprings of imports (Crude oil from African (for example Chad and Darfur), South America (for e xample Venezuela) and Middle-east (for example Iran) nations) as and when required, in the process China is likewise ready to lessen reliance on any single nation. Chinese fares is around $1216 billion (2007) to nations as US 21.0%, EU 18.1%, Hong Kong 17.0%, Japan 12.4%, ASEAN 7.2%, South Korea 4.7% (2004) while its imports is around $953.9 billion (2007) from Japan 16.8%, EU 12.4%, ASEAN 11.2%, South Korea 11.1%, US 7.9%, Russia 2.2% (2004). Notwithstanding, disregarding the numerous positives of universal exchange there have been more subtle issues as work segregation (86 percent said separation exists in China’s business showcase; 51 percent consider the to be as genuine. ; China’s representative market is woefully wasteful and little remote organizations are very much situated to exploit this., even multinationals like Reebok have been seen as liable of work segregation and of exploiting feeble work approaches. Indeed, even nearby firms are taking such focal points), natural issues (State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) declared that 130 remote organizations didn't conform to current ecological laws. Actually, numerous multinationals consider frail to be laws as a methods for cost decrease and thusly keep up various ecological measures in China than in their nations of origin. Multinationals can dirty more in China basically in view of a fragmented guideline framework and free oversight with not many punishments that lead to a low motivator for keeping to the ecological law.), and lawful issues for firms in the territories of insurance of Intellectual Property Rights in China (There is little mindfulness that encroachment is a wrongdoing in China. Development of new organizations has outpaced the government’s capacity to control them). Exchange has terminated rivalry which thus has pushed a large number of the multinationals and household firms to exploit constrained media rights, powerless work approaches and execution, and feeble ecological strategies and usage (90 multinationals that have been found by the natural security specialists to have disregarded water contamination guidelines since 2004, Forbes reports. General Motors, Samsung, Unilever, Pepsi and Yum Brands chains Kentucky Fried Chicken and Pizza Hut are only a couple of the organizations on the rundown, as per the article.). Both the US and China has endured work cuts. China is losing a huge number of assembling employments because of mechanization and the appropriation of new business frameworks and creation methods, as indicated by The Conference Board in New York. Somewhere in the range of 1995 and 2002, 15 million assembling positions were lost in China, or around 15 percent of the all out assembling workforce, The Conference Board found in the wake of working with China’s National Bureau of Statistics. Assembling work in China tumbled from 98 million of every 1995 to 83 million out of 2002. By correlation, the United States currently has 14.5 million specialists in the assembling area, around 3 million not exactly in 1999. Exchange has tremendous advantages yet not without certain amendments required and some inescapable misfortunes as employment cuts. The activity cuts can be rectified however with fitting preparing of the jobless to take up employments requiring higher aptitudes. Nations having a place with the OECD have endeavored techniques and arrangements to lessen the joblessness made through the impact of exchange. Denmark for example cut its joblessness from around 10 percent in the mid 1990

Biography of King Abdullah, Ruler of Saudi Arabia

Life story of King Abdullah, Ruler of Saudi Arabia Abdullah container Abdulaziz Al Saud (August 1, 1924â€January 23, 2015) was the lord of Saudia Arabia from 2005 to 2015. During his rule, pressures expanded between traditionalist Salafi (Wahhabi) powers and liberal reformers. While the lord situated himself as a relative moderate, he didn't advance numerous considerable changes; truth be told, during Abdullahs residency, Sauda Arabia was blamed for various human rights infringement. Quick Facts: King Abdullah Known For: King Abdullah was the ruler of Saudi Arabia from 2005 to 2015.Also Known As: Abdullah canister Abdulaziz Al SaudBorn: August 1, 1924 in Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaParents: King Abdulaziz and Fahda bint Asi Al ShuraimDied: January 23, 2015 in Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaSpouse(s): 30Children: 35 Early Life Little is thought about King Abdullahs youth. He was conceived in Riyadh on August 1, 1924, the fifth child of Saudi Arabias establishing lord, Abdulaziz receptacle Abdulrahman Al Saud (otherwise called Ibn Saud). Abdullahs mother, Fahda bint Asi Al Shuraim, was Ibn Sauds eighth spouse of 12. Abdullah had somewhere in the range of 50 and 60 kin. At the hour of Abdullahs birth, his dad Amir Abdulazizs domain included just the northern and eastern areas of Arabia. The Amir crushed Sharif Hussein of Mecca in 1928 and announced himself lord. The imperial family was very poor until about 1940,â at which point Saudi oil incomes started to increment. Instruction Subtleties of Abdullahs instruction are inadequate, however the official Saudi Information Directory expresses that he had proper strict training. As indicated by the Directory, Abdullah enhanced his conventional tutoring with broad perusing. He likewise spent a long spell living with the desert Bedouin individuals so as to learn customary Arab esteems. Profession In August 1962, Prince Abdullah was delegated to lead the Saudi Arabian National Guard. The National Guards obligations incorporate giving security to the imperial family, forestalling overthrows, and guarding the Muslim Holy Cities of Mecca and Medina. The power incorporates a standing armed force of 125,000 men, in addition to an ancestral state army of 25,000. In March 1975, Abdullahs relative Khalid prevailing to the seat upon the death of another stepbrother, King Faisal. Ruler Khalid selected Prince Abdullah second delegate head administrator. In 1982, the seat went to King Fahd after Khalids passing and Prince Abdullah was advanced again, this opportunity to agent executive. In this job, he directed gatherings of the rulers bureau. Lord Fahd additionally authoritatively named Abdullah the Crown Prince, which means he was next in line for the seat. Official In December 1995, King Fahd had a progression of strokes that left him pretty much weakened and incapable to satisfy his political obligations. For the following nine years, Crown Prince Abdullah went about as official for his sibling, despite the fact that Fahd and his colleagues despite everything employed extensive impact over open arrangement. Ruler of Saudi Arabia Ruler Fahd kicked the bucket on August 1, 2005, and Crown Prince Abdullah became lord, accepting force in name just as practically speaking. He acquired a country conflicted between fundamentalist Islamists and modernizing reformers. The fundamentalists in some cases utilized fear based oppressor acts, (for example, shelling and seizing) to communicate their outrage regarding issues like the positioning of American soldiers on Saudi soil. The modernizers progressively utilized online journals and weight from global gatherings to call for expanded womens rights, change of Sharia-based laws, and more prominent press and strict opportunities. Lord Abdullah got serious about the Islamistsâ but didnt make the huge changes for which numerous onlookers both inside and outside of Saudi Arabia had trusted. International strategy Lord Abdullahâ was referred to all through his profession as a steadfast Arab patriot, yet he contacted different nations too. In 2002, for instance, the lord set forth a Middle East Peace Plan. It got reestablished consideration in 2005, however has moped from that point forward and presently can't seem to be actualized. The arrangement requires an arrival to the pre-1967 fringes and a privilege of return for Palestinian displaced people. Consequently, Israel would control the Western Wall and probably the West Bank, and get acknowledgment from Arab states. To appease Saudi Islamists, the ruler denied U.S. Iraq War powers to utilize bases in Saudi Arabia. Individual Life Lord Abdullah had more than 30 wivesâ and fathered at any rate 35 kids. As per the Saudi Embassys Official Biography of the King, he reared Arabian horsesâ and established the Riyadh Equestrian Club. He additionally wanted to peruse, and set up libraries in Riyadh and Casablanca, Morocco. American ham radio administrators likewise delighted in visiting broadcasting in real time with the Saudi ruler. At the hour of his demise, the ruler had an individual fortune evaluated at $18 billion, making him among the best five most extravagant royals on the planet. Demise Lord Abdullah turned out to be sick and was taken to the emergency clinic toward the start of 2015. He kicked the bucket on January 23 at 90 years old. Inheritance In the wake of King Abdullahs passing, his relative Salman canister Abdulaziz Al Saud turned into the lord of Saudi Arabia. Abdullahs heritage is a questionable one. In 2012, the United Nations granted him an UNESCO Gold Medal for his endeavors to advance discourse and harmony in the Middle East. Different gatherings including Human Rights Watch-censured the ruler for his supposed human rights infringement, including the abuse of detainees. Abdullah was additionally reprimanded for his strategies on strict opportunity. In 2012, for instance, the Saudi writer Hamza Kashgari was captured for making a few Twitter posts that supposedly criticized the Islamic prophet Muhammed; he was detained for almost two years. People rights gatherings, for example, Amnesty International were exceptionally condemning of Saudi Arabias treatment of the case. Sources Keyes, David. â€Å"Saudi Writer Hamza Kashgari Faces Charge of Blasphemy after Tweets about Muhammad.† The Washington Post, WP Company, 9 Feb. 2012.Knickmeyer, Ellen, and Ahmed Al Omran. â€Å"Saudi Arabias King Abdullah Dies.† The Wall Street Journal, Dow Jones Company, 23 Jan. 2015.Rasheed, Madawi al-. Salmans Legacy: the Dilemmas of a New Era in Saudi Arabia. Hurst Company, 2018.

Car Maintenance Tips That Will Save You Money Down the Road

Car Maintenance Tips That Will Save You Money Down the Road Car Maintenance Tips That Will Save You Money Down the Road Car Maintenance Tips That Will Save You Money Down the RoadSpending a little bit of money now, plus taking the time to learn some DIY car maintenance, will mean big savings later on.A car has a special place in our lives: It’s our home away from home, the thing that enables our freedom to travel beyond walking distance from where we live. It takes us to work on time. It safely transports our loved ones. Some of us spend hours upon hours in our car weekly. And yet, as much as we depend upon our cars, our cars can rarely depend upon us.How many of us, when the oil change light comes on, just keep on driving for another thousand miles? How many of us have taken out a dangerous title loan on our car? When was the last time you properly checked your tire pressure or rotated your tires?The truth is, even if an extra $40 here and there seems like an inconvenience not worth dealing with, we owe it to ourselves (and our car) to keep up the maintenance to save ourselves hundreds of thousands of dollars in desperate attempts to extend the life of the car a little longer.This article will show you how to save approximately $2,300 over five years of the life of your car.Use your car maintenance schedule.Every car comes with a recommended car schedule. If you no longer have your car manual, look it up online. Many manufacturers have car owner’s manuals available in PDF form.This will save you money so you don’t have to go by the safest recommendations. For example, common wisdom says you should change your oil every 3,000 miles. But some cars can go much longer. The car manual will let you know for sure.The manual will also act as your guide to checking certain things in the engine and in the rest of the vehicle.Learn to change your own oil.The reason why it’s so quick and easy to get in and out of Jiffy Lube is that changing oil is quick and easy! You just have to learn how and get the right equipment. The equipment can cost some money, but once invested, you can u se it again and again and change your own oil at a low cost.Let’s do the math:An oil change with full synthetic oil can cost $60.Buying your own synthetic oil and an oil filter costs $35.You might have to buy around $100 of equipment to be able to do it, but over five years the savings are enormous. Assuming you’re talking about four oil changes a year, paying for an oil change costs $1,200 over five years and doing it yourself costs $800. That’s $400 in savings.Materials You Need to Change Your Own Oil:Oil drain pan: $25Oil funnel: $10Vehicle ramps to lift car: $40Oil filter wrench: $15Full Synthetic Premium Oil: $25Oil filter: $10Latex gloves: $2There are also dozens of YouTube videos on how to do this procedure properly.Check your tire pressure at the gas station.Many people don’t bother checking their tire pressure since the dashboard has an idiot light indicating that the tire pressure is too low. But, at that point, the deflating tires could already be affecting your t ire alignment. Sadly, a tire alignment costs nearly $200.On top of that, if your tires aren’t properly aligned, it can also cause other expensive damages. The tires will wear out unevenly. It can also increase wear and tear on vehicle suspension.Plus, poorly aligned tires will make it more difficult to drive safely!Luckily, the solution to all this is incredibly cheap. Many gas stations, such as Wawa, have a free machine that will check your tire pressure. We recommend doing this monthly when you happen to be refilling your tank. At Wawa, this is totally free. And if you should happen to require to fill your tires a little, it only costs a couple dollars.You can find the pressure you should expect your tires to be at on the inside of the driver’s side door.Rotate your tires.Rotating your tires can be done for less than $50 at a shop, or even more cheaply yourself with a jack and a wrench, which usually comes supplied with your car. The important part is that you rotate them at a ll.Tires in different parts of the car get worn out at different speeds, so rotating them will extend the life of your entire tire set, saving you hundreds on replacing all your tires.Wash your car.Washing your car is mostly a cosmetic factor. But it’s important. Dirt and grime dont simply sit innocently on top of your car. Contaminantsâ€"especially acidic ones like bird droppings and bugsâ€"can damage the paint and possibly even scratch the metal underneath.Some detailing experts recommend washing the car weekly, but it probably depends on where you live and how your car is looking. A little dust is something you can ignore longer, while bird droppings can start to mess with the paint relatively quickly.This saves you money far down the roadâ€"in the resale value. Unless you want to pay expensive rates for touching up paint, maintaining the car’s exterior (and interior), keeping it nice will do a lot towards customers being more willing to hand over extra cash.After all, when y ou’re shopping for used cars and it looks like a car has never been washed, you will assume someone didn’t maintain the rest of the car too. You’ll believe the car has less value.Change your air filter yourself.The air filter is a cheap thing to replace, but its important. Most air filters only cost around $20, yet they preserve an expensive and vital piece of equipment: the A/C system.The air conditioning in a car is an important aspect of your comfort while driving. Plus, like the above tip, having a working A/C has a great effect on resale value, while costing hundreds to fix.An air filter change is something that is often offered as part of an oil change, but skip the extra expense and do it yourself. Buy the filter from an auto parts store and check out a how-to on YouTube. It only takes a few minutes.This is a little bit more advanced, but you can also teach yourself how to check the A/C unit parts for damages (such as to the hoses) so that you can catch problems before they get too bad.Replace belts before they break.Be sure to check your engine belts on the recommended car maintenance schedule and replace them when you’re noticing fraying or cracks. If an engine belt breaks while using the car, it could whip around and get twisted up in the engine, causing extra damage and making the whole repair particularly expensive.On this list, this factor is most likely to be a really high and unexpected expense if left unchecked. You don’t want to take out any cash advances or payday loans to have to pay for this kind of damage.Total savings over five years:Changing your own oil: $400Checking tire pressure: $400 (cost of an alignment repair and tire and suspension damage)Tire rotation: $700 (cost of a new tire set)Changing air filter: $500 (average A/C repair costs)Wash your car: $300 (detailing and paint correction)Total: $2,300To learn more about saving money on everyday expenses, check out  these other posts and articles from OppLoans:Save Money Thi s Summer by Saving EnergySave a Few Bucks on Fido with These DIY Pet ToysReusable Purchases That Will Save You Money in the Long RunHow to Use the Library to Save MoneyDo you have a personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |Instagram

Business Finance Industry Issues Free Essay Example, 750 words

Generally speaking, the industry payable turnover is only 30 days. This means that the company is taking advantage of paying its creditors late. Although it is foregoing a 2.5% discount, it can make use of the money that they have in hand for almost 30 days (as they pay their creditors in almost 60 days). This money can be used to buy government securities or short term investments that would give a return of greater than 2.5% and hence the company is currently doing a great job. The advantages of this are an improvement in cash conversion cycles, investment opportunity and it can use the cash for profitable purposes. The disadvantage is that it may lose its reputation in the market and it has to forego a 2.5% discount. However, the advantages of the policy outweigh the disadvantages and the company should continue with the current policy. The Company would rely more on overdraft after the new policy implementation because it is going to take more days for the company to create cash and hence it will meet any of its obligations falling between the cycle by using an overdraft and other credit lines provided by financial institutions and banks. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Finance Industry Issues or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Answer: The Company can improve its credit control by adopting effective collection policies or by restructuring the collection department. There should be aging of accounts receivable and the company should intimate its customers regularly when their debt is about to mature. Another way of improving the credit control policy is through assessment of the financial worth of customers before allowing them the leverage to pay later.

Red Scarf Girl - 810 Words

RTL: Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck Society isolates individuals from others because they fear the reactions they will evoke from others. Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck displays isolation through Crooks, Candy, and Curley’s wife. Candy is isolated because of his disability and his and the death of his dog. Crook is isolated mainly due to his race. Curley’s wife suffers from solitude because she is the only women. The pervasive emotion experienced by all of the characters in Of Mice and Men is loneliness. The loneliness is also, though, profoundly existential and symbolic. The men do not want to be isolated and they do not want to be left behind by society. Candy is one protagonist who suffers from isolation. Candy is†¦show more content†¦S pose you couldn t go into the bunk house and play rummy cause you was black. How d you like that? S pose you had to sit out here an read books. Sure you could play horseshoes till it got dark, but then you go t to read books. Books ain t any good. A guy needs somebody-to be near him. A guy goes nuts if he ain t got anybody. Don t make any difference who the guy is, long s he s with you. I tell ya, I tell ya a guy gets too lonely an he gets sick (p. 80). The Great Depression reflected through Crook because slavery ended but there was still racism against any black. For example, Crook got even with Lennie to show all his anger of isolation and racism. Curley’s wife is isolated because she is not wanted by society as she is a woman. The fact that she doesn’t have her own name explains that she is property of Curley. Curley’s wife is also isolated because she needs to find consolation in Lennie telling him about her being a star if her mom had let her. She is craving for so much attention. This forces Lennie to end up killing her. Curley’s wife is not a typical character meaning she does not appear in many stories. No men want to talk to her as they consider her a flirtatious and trouble maker. For example, Curley’s wife states that she is lonely: I never get to talk to nobody. I get awful lonely. Curley’s wife tries to gain attention from the men with her famine charm only to find she will beShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Red Scarf Girl777 Words   |  4 PagesRed Scarf Girl is a historical memoir written by Ji-li Jang about her experiences during the cultural revolution of China, wi th a foreword by David Henry Hwand Red Scarf Girl, Ji-li was at the top of her class and the da-dui-zhang, or Student Council President, of her school. However, her father prevents her from auditioning for the Central Liberation Army Arts Academy due to their political status, which she had no knowledge of at the time. Her family is considered a Black Family, because herRead MoreRed Scarf Girl Essay621 Words   |  3 PagesRed Scarf Girl Essay The Cultural Revolution was a time of much confusion in china. The memoir Red Scarf Girl by Ji-li Jiang illustrates the chaos of that time. 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When Ethan is watching the dance from outside of the church, he sees a young man that â€Å"drew forth a girl who had already wound a cherry-colored â€Å"fascinator† about her head...† (pg. 20) Ethan longed to see the beautiful face that was veiled under the red scarfRead MoreOppression in China973 Words   |  4 Pagesequivalent to the population of California (Edwards). After the time of the Cultural Revolution, over 1.5 million civilians died during the movement, and others were tortured, publicly hu miliated, or suffered imprisonment (History.com). The memoir Red Scarf Girl by Ji Li Jiang brings to life the cultural oppression that the Chinese citizens faced during the time Mao Zedong led China. There are many facts and statistics that involved the oppression that fell upon the Chinese citizens. On October 1, 1949

Stress Management Reflection Free Essays

After learning about stress in this class my understanding is that, stress symptoms may be affecting your health, even though you might not realize it. You may think illness is to blame for that nagging headache, your frequent forgetfulness or your decreased productivity at work. But sometimes stress is to blame. We will write a custom essay sample on Stress Management Reflection or any similar topic only for you Order Now Indeed, stress symptoms can affect your body, your thoughts and feelings, and your behavior. There is a long list of serious health problems that may develop due to stress.Some include depression, diabetes, hair loss, heart disease, high blood pressure, stomach upset, sleep problems, chest pain, back pain, obesity, obsessive-compulsive or anxiety disorder, sexual dysfunction, tooth and gum disease, ulcers, cancer. Some examples on how stress can affect your behavior are overeating, under eating, angry outbursts, drug or alcohol abuse, increased smoking, social withdrawal, crying spells, relationship conflicts. When you recognize common stress symptoms, you can take steps to manage them.Like we learned in this class stress management could include physical activity, relaxation techniques, mediation, yoga, tai chi, get a massage, and even things like keeping a journal recognizing your stressors and working on them. Everyone is different so finding your own relaxation techniques will help tremendously. Throughout this course I have learned about myself that I am not the only o ne in the world that has stress, it is more common than I thought. I have learned that if I take the time to do breathing exercises or right a journal about my thoughts I feel a huge relief and a lot less stressed.When I have a lot do I found that if I make a list and plan ahead it helps minimize my stress. I learned that when I am in a very stressful situation or the week has added up to breaking point for me, doing breathing exercises helps me feel way more relaxed and calm. Another thing I learned about myself regarding my relationship with my boyfriend is I have become a negative thinker, due to some issues we had in the past. This causes so much stress in my life that I cannot even begin to explain. However, after taking this class I have learned many ways to cope with this and it has been a tremendous help to me and my relationship.I believe my strengths are keeping organized and motivated. If I am not organized it is a huge stressor for me. When I stay motivated I accomplish a lot more things in one day, which in return is a huge stress relief. Some areas that I show room for improvement are I need to set more weekly or monthly goals for myself instead of just long term goals, by doing this I believe I would feel more accomplished. Another area of improvement for me is I need to have more trust for my boyfriend. Forgive, forget and move on. One last improvement would be to improve my level of self discipline.The topics I related to the most or the ones that I was most interested in were body awareness, breathing exercises, the worry and anxiety chapter, goal setting, and time management. I really enjoyed the body awareness exercises because it recognizes that when stressed the body automatically tenses. Our muscles become hard, tight and tense. Holding this tension is very tiring, and hence, a feeling of fatigue can occur. If the muscular tension has no release, because of the constant stress levels and not knowing how to relax your muscles can cause strain on your body.After doing this exercise in the book I was able to recognize what tense muscles felt and looked like and what relaxed muscles felt and looked like. So now when I have tension I feel that I am better at being able to let it go through body awareness and muscle relaxation. The breathing exercises we did in class I really enjoyed doing, I was able to take this from class and apply to my daily life when I was feeling stressed. I was really able to relate to the worry and anxiety chapter because I used to have huge anxiety problems which I have had counseling to work through.Another chapter that interested me was the goal setting chapter because it is something that I have wanted to work on improving myself, so I loved the fact that I had the opportunity to learn more about goal setting and that it had activities in the book. Time management was another big one for me. I feel like learning more about time management helped improve my organization skills. If I was to take this class again I would like to learn more about the different stress relieving techniques. I guess not so much learn about them because we did learn about different ones, but I would have liked to practice more of them.For example, I would have liked a yoga day. I would have liked to learn about more ways to prevent stress, I felt like we learned a lot about what to do when we are stressed but not enough about what to do prevent it. Our true sources of stress aren’t always obvious, and it is way too easy to overlook our own stress-inducing thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. I don’t believe there is anything that is unclear about what we learned in class, our book did a very good job at covering stress management.I felt the books activities were very helpful and for once I bought I book for school that I will go back and refer to for future help. Now that the course has ended and I am more aware of my stressors, my plan is to continue my stress journal where I write about what causes my stress, how it made me feel both physically and mentally, how I acted in response, and what I do to make myself feel better. Also, continue to learn new healthier ways to manage my stress. Change the situation, or change your reaction. Remember the four A’s, avoid, alter, adapt, or accept.Remember my healthy ways to relax and recharge when I am overwhelmed and feeling stressed. Some of the things that work for me are, going and getting a massage, doing something with my mom or sister, playing with my daughter, taking a long bath with lots of lavender scent and candles, driving around and listening to my favorite music, and doing one of my many hobbies. If I am noticing that I continue to have a lot of stress I will either find a way to enjoy the situation (except the things I cannot change) or find a way to leave/change the situation.The concepts discussed in this class apply to my future career goals by being constantly stressed out and not knowing how to deal with it can cause lack of motivation. I think that my future career goals call for a lot of motivation, so it would help if the stress in my life was minimal so I could stay focused. Another topic discussed in class that could be applied to future ca reer goals is goal setting and time management. My future career goal is to become an OB nurse, with this job there could be extra stress due to the weird hours worked and just the job it’s self.So I believe the concepts discussed in class I will be able to apply to my future career and my personal everyday life. In conclusion, after taking this stress management class I have learned that stress has many negative impacts on the body. I learned more about myself in regards to my stressors and I learned about some things that I didn’t even realize were stressing me out. There were topics I could relate to and some I really was interested in. I will continue to write in my stress journal and find ways to help and avoid stress. How to cite Stress Management Reflection, Papers

Othello Essays (1265 words) - Othello, Emilia, Iago,

Othello Q-Why is a bride's dress always white? A-To match the appliances! Even though society has made great strides in trying to equalize women and men, there was a time when women were viewed as nothing more than a man's property. Shakespeare in his play Othello writes his male characters to view women in much the same demeaning way. In this play one can see two examples of women and the view their husbands place upon them. Both Desdamona and Emila are victims of the chauvenism of their husbands. Marriage is the vow between two people, to be there for one another, to share in pain and suffering, to share in the good times and the bad times, and to share equally in life's experiences. If this is so then why does Desdamona come across as property? Better question is why does she except this role! In this time era women were consider servants bonded by love to their husbands. Desdamona explains this clearly when she says: But here's my husband, And so much duty as my mother showed To you, preferring you before her father, So much I challenge that I may profess Due to the Moor my Lord (Scene 1, Act 3, Lines 182-187) She talks about duty to her husband. This duty is to obey him and respect him. Then she again describes herself and her position: Tis as I should entreat you wear your gloves, Or feed on nourishing dishes, or keep you warm, Or sue to you to do a peculiar profit To your own person (Act 3, Scene 3, Lines 77-80) This is the typical view of men in this era, a position of seen, but not heard. Shakespeare takes women places them in his plays in order to give motive. In both Macbeth and Othello women are the cause of the man's fall. In Othello if it were not for Desdamona, there would not be any jealous murders. She is the center point at which the book revolves. Even though her actual part is small her presence makes the play be possible. Desdamona's place in this play is to stand there with minimal verbal interaction and to represent the high-class romantic women. From this Shakespeare will take a man's jealous nature and twist it into a motive. Equality? No, but it common of this era and it suites Shakespeare's purpose in this play. The man is the head of the family? In Shakespeare's time, yes. Not only is Othello the head of the family, but he also has his own views of women. He makes this pretty clear with his conversation with Iago, where Iago is speaking of his wife's little escapades with Cassio. To this Othello response And yet, how nature erring from itself-(Act 3, Scene 3, Line 227). Meaning that because she is a woman, she can not resist herself from temptation. Then later when his jealousy is a rage he slaps his wife then gives a speech, which explains how his wife obeys his every whim. Ay! You did wish that I would make her turn. Sir, she can turn, and turn, and yet go on And turn again; and she can weep, sir, weep; And she's obedient; as you say, obedient. Very obedient. Proceed you in your tears. Concerning this, sir-O well-painted passion! I am commanded home. Get you away; I'll send for you anon.-Sir, I obey the mandate And will return to Venice.-Hence, avaunt! (Act 4, Scene 1, lines 252-260) This must be one of most Chauvinistic comment of the entire play. This sums up the entire Othello opinion that starts off hidden at the beginning of the play, but emerges under anger. Thank God society has evolved above such opinions as that of Othello's. The stereotypes of women's positions in this society were not stopped by the boundaries of economic class. Emilia is a perfect example of this. She is a hard working middle class woman, who still bears the burden of her husband's sexiest attitude. She believes that the purpose of a women is to strengthen her husband, through any means necessary. She gives an example of this when she says: Why, who would not make her husband a cuckold to make him a monarch? I should venture purgatory for't(Act 4, Scene 3, Line 77-79) What she is saying, is that she is willing to

70 Million Years of Primate Evolution

70 Million Years of Primate Evolution Many people take an understandably human-centered view of primate evolution, focusing on the bipedal, large-brained hominids that populated the jungles of Africa a few million years ago. But the fact is that primates as a whole - a category of megafauna mammals that includes not only humans and hominids, but monkeys, apes, lemurs, baboons, and tarsiers - have a deep evolutionary history that stretches as far back as the age of dinosaurs. (See a gallery of prehistoric primate pictures and profiles.) The first mammal that paleontologists have identified as possessing primate-like characteristics was Purgatorius, a tiny, mouse-sized creature of the late Cretaceous period (just before the K/T Impact Event that rendered the dinosaurs extinct). Although it looked more like a tree shrew than a monkey or ape, Purgatorius had a very primate-like set of teeth, and it (or a close relative) may have spawned the more familiar primates of the Cenozoic Era. (Genetic sequencing studies suggest that the earliest primate ancestor may have lived a whopping 20 million years before Purgatorius, but as yet theres no fossil evidence for this mysterious beast.) Scientists have touted the equally mouse-like Archicebus, which lived 10 million years after Purgatorius, as the first true primate, and the anatomic evidence in support of this hypothesis is even stronger. Whats confusing about this is that the Asian Archicebus seems to have lived around the same time as the North American and Eurasian Plesiadapis, a much bigger, two-foot-long, tree-dwelling, lemur-like primate with a rodent-like head. The teeth of Plesiadapis displayed the early adaptations necessary for an omnivorous diet - a key trait that allowed its descendants tens of millions of years down the line to diversify away from trees and toward the open grasslands. Primate Evolution During the Eocene Epoch During the Eocene epoch- from about 55 million to 35 million years ago- small, lemur-like primates haunted woodlands the world over, though the fossil evidence is frustratingly sparse. The most important of these creatures was Notharctus, which had a telling mix of simian traits: a flat face with forward-facing eyes, flexible hands that could grasp branches, a sinuous backbone, and (perhaps most important) a bigger brain, proportionate to its size, than can be seen in any previous vertebrate. Interestingly, Notharctus was the last primate ever to be indigenous to North America; it probably descended from ancestors that crossed the land bridge from Asia at the end of the Paleocene. Similar to Notharctus was the western European Darwinius, the subject of a big public relations blitz a few years back touting it as the earliest human ancestor; not many experts are convinced. Another important Eocene primate was the Asian Eosimias (dawn monkey), which was considerably smaller than both Notharctus and Darwinius, only a few inches from head to tail and weighing one or two ounces, max. The nocturnal, tree-dwelling Eosimias - which was about the size of your average Mesozoic mammal - has been posited by some experts as proof that monkeys originated in Asia rather than Africa, though this is far from a widely accepted conclusion. The Eocene also witnessed the North American Smilodectes and the amusingly named Necrolemur from western Europe, early, pint-sized monkey ancestors that were distantly related to modern lemurs and tarsiers. A Brief Digression - The Lemurs of Madagascar Speaking of lemurs, no account of primate evolution would be complete without a description of the rich variety of prehistoric lemurs that once inhabited the Indian Ocean island of Madagascar, off the east African coast. The fourth-largest island in the world, after Greenland, New Guinea, and Borneo, Madagascar split off from the African mainland about 160 million years ago, during the late Jurassic period, and then from the Indian subcontinent anywhere from 100 to 80 million years ago, during the middle to late Cretaceous period. What this means, of course, is that its virtually impossible for any Mesozoic primates to have evolved on Madagascar before these big splits- so where did all those lemurs come from? The answer, as far as paleontologists can tell, is that some lucky Paleocene or Eocene primates managed to float to Madagascar from the African coast on tangled thatches of driftwood, a 200-mile journey that could conceivably have been accomplished in a matter of days. Crucially, the only primates to successfully make this trip happened to be lemurs and not other types of monkeys - and once ensconced on their enormous island, these tiny progenitors were free to evolve into a wide variety of ecological niches over the ensuing tens of millions of years (even today, the only place on earth you can find lemurs is Madagascar; these primates perished millions of years ago in North America, Eurasia, and even Africa). Given their relative isolation, and the lack of effective predators, the prehistoric lemurs of Madagascar were free to evolve in some weird directions. The Pleistocene epoch witnessed plus-sized lemurs like Archaeoindris, which was about the size of a modern gorilla, and the smaller Megaladapis, which only weighed 100 pounds or so. Entirely different (but of course closely related) were the so-called sloth lemurs, primates like Babakotia and Palaeopropithecus that looked and behaved like sloths, lazily climbing trees and sleeping upside-down from branches. Sadly, most of these slow, trusting, dim-witted lemurs were doomed to extinction when the first human settlers arrived on Madagascar about 2,000 years ago. Old World Monkeys, New World Monkeys and the First Apes Often used interchangeably with primate and monkey, the word simian derives from Simiiformes, the infraorder of mammals that includes both old world (i.e., African and Eurasian) monkeys and apes and new world (i.e., central and South American) monkeys; the small primates and lemurs described on page 1 of this article are usually referred to as prosimians. If all this sounds confusing, the important thing to remember is that new world monkeys split off from the main branch of simian evolution about 40 million years ago, during the Eocene epoch, while the split between old world monkeys and apes occurred about 25 million years later. The fossil evidence for new world monkeys is surprisingly slim; to date, the earliest genus yet identified is Branisella, which lived in South America between 30 and 25 million years ago. Typically for a new world monkey, Branisella was relatively small, with a flat nose and a prehensile tail (oddly enough, old world monkeys never managed to evolve these grasping, flexible appendages). How did Branisella and its fellow new world monkeys make it all the way from Africa to South America? Well, the stretch of Atlantic Ocean separating these two continents was about one-third shorter 40 million years ago than it is today, so its conceivable that some small old world monkeys made the trip accidentally, on floating thatches of driftwood. Fairly or unfairly, old world monkeys are often considered significant only insofar as they eventually spawned apes, and then hominids, and then humans. A good candidate for an intermediate form between old-world monkeys and old-world apes was Mesopithecus, a macaque-like primate that, like apes, foraged for leaves and fruits during the day. Another possible transitional form was Oreopithecus (called the cookie monster by paleontologists), an island-dwelling European primate that possessed a strange mix of monkey-like and ape-like characteristics but (according to most classification schemes) stopped short of being a true hominid. The Evolution of Apes and Hominids During the Miocene Epoch Heres where the story gets a bit confusing. During the Miocene epoch, from 23 to 5 million years ago, a bewildering assortment of apes and hominids inhabited the jungles of Africa and Eurasia (apes are distinguished from monkeys mostly by their lack of tails and stronger arms and shoulders, and hominids are distinguished from apes mostly by their upright postures and bigger brains). The most important non-hominid African ape was Pliopithecus, which may have been ancestral to modern gibbons; an even earlier primate, Propliopithecus, seems to have been ancestral to Pliopithecus. As their non-hominid status implies, Pliopithecus and related apes (such as Proconsul) werent directly ancestral to humans; for example, none of these primates walked on two feet. Ape (but not hominid) evolution really hit its stride during the later Miocene, with the tree-dwelling Dryopithecus, the enormous Gigantopithecus (which was about twice the size of a modern gorilla), and the nimble Sivapithecus, which is now considered to be the same genus as Ramapithecus (it turns out that smaller Ramapithecus fossils were probably Sivapithecus females!) Sivapithecus is especially important because this was one of the first apes to venture down from the trees and out onto the African grasslands, a crucial evolutionary transition that may have been spurred by climate change. Paleontologists disagree about the details, but the first true hominid appears to have been Ardipithecus, which walked (if only clumsily and occasionally) on two feet but only had a chimp-sized brain; even more tantalizingly, there doesnt seem to have been much sexual differentiation between Ardipithecus males and females, which makes this genus unnervingly similar to humans. A few million years after Ardipithecus came the first indisputable hominids: Australopithecus (represented by the famous fossil Lucy), which was only about four or five feet tall but walked on two legs and had an unusually large brain, and Paranthropus, which was once considered to be a species of Australopithecus but has since earned its own genus thanks to its unusually large, muscular head and correspondingly larger brain. Both Australopithecus and Paranthropus lived in Africa until the start of the Pleistocene epoch; paleontologists believe that a population of Australopithecus was the immediate progenitor of genus Homo, the line that eventually evolved (by the end of the Pleistocene) into our own species, Homo sapiens.

The Japanese American No-No Boys in World War II

The Japanese American No-No Boys in World War II To understand who the No-No Boys were, it’s first necessary to understand the events of World War II. The United States government’s decision to place more than 110,000 individuals of Japanese origin into internment camps without cause during the war marks one of the most disgraceful chapters in American history. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 on February 19, 1942, nearly three months after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. At the time, the federal government argued that separating Japanese nationals and Japanese Americans from their homes and livelihoods was a necessity because such people posed a national security threat, as they were supposedly likely to conspire with the Japanese empire to plan additional attacks on the U.S. Today historians agree that racism and xenophobia against people of Japanese ancestry following the Pearl Harbor attack prompted the executive order. After all, the United States was also at odds with Germany and Italy during World War II, but the federal government did not order mass internment of Americans of German and Italian origin. Unfortunately, the federal government’s egregious actions did not end with the forced evacuation of Japanese Americans. After depriving these Americans of their civil rights, the government then asked them to fight for the country. While some agreed in hopes of proving their loyalty to the U.S., others refused. They were known as No-No Boys. Vilified at the time for their decision, today No-No Boys are largely viewed as heroes for standing up to a government that deprived them of their freedom. A Survey Tests Loyalty The No-No Boys received their name by answering no to two questions on a survey given to Japanese Americans forced into concentration camps. Question #27 asked: â€Å"Are you willing to serve in the armed forces of the United States on combat duty, wherever ordered?† Question #28 asked: â€Å"Will you swear unqualified allegiances to the United States of America and faithfully defend the United States from any or all attack by foreign or domestic forces, and forswear any form of allegiance or obedience to the Japanese emperor, or other foreign government, power or organization?† Outraged that the U.S. government demanded that they vow loyalty to the country after flagrantly violating their civil liberties, some Japanese Americans refused to enlist in the armed forces. Frank Emi, an internee at the Heart Mountain camp in Wyoming, was one such young man. Angered that his rights had been trampled on, Emi and a half-dozen other Heart Mountain internees formed the Fair Play Committee (FPC) after receiving draft notices. The FPC declared in March 1944: â€Å"We, the members of the FPC, are not afraid to go to war. We are not afraid to risk our lives for our country. We would gladly sacrifice our lives to protect and uphold the principles and ideals of our country as set forth in the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, for on its inviolability depends the freedom, liberty, justice, and protection of all people, including Japanese Americans and all other minority groups. But have we been given such freedom, such liberty, such justice, such protection? NO!† Punished for Standing Up For refusing to serve, Emi, his fellow FPC participants, and more than 300 internees at 10 camps were prosecuted. Emi served 18 months in a federal penitentiary in Kansas. The bulk of No-No Boys faced three-year sentences in a federal penitentiary. In addition to felony convictions, internees who refused to serve in the military faced a backlash in Japanese American communities. For example, leaders of the Japanese American Citizens League characterized draft resisters as disloyal cowards and blamed them for giving the American public the idea that Japanese Americans were unpatriotic. For resisters such as Gene Akutsu, the backlash took a tragic personal toll. While he only answered no to Question #27- that he would not serve in the U.S. armed forces on combat duty wherever ordered- he ultimately ignored the draft noticed received, resulting in him serving more than three years in a federal prison in Washington state. He left prison in 1946, but that wasn’t soon enough for his mother. The Japanese American community ostracized her- even telling her not to show up at church- because Akutsu and another son dared defy the federal government. â€Å"One day it all got to her and she took her life,† Akutsu told American Public Media (APM) in 2008. â€Å"When my mother passed away, I refer to that as a wartime casualty.â€Å" President Harry Truman pardoned all of the wartime draft resisters in December 1947. As a result, the criminal records of the young Japanese American men who refused to serve in the military were cleared. Akutsu told APM he wished his mother had been around to hear Truman’s decision. â€Å"If she had only lived one more year longer, we would have had a clearance from the president saying that we are all okay and you have all your citizenship back,† he explained. â€Å"That’s all she was living for.† The Legacy of the No-No Boys The 1957 novel No-No Boy by John Okada captures how Japanese American draft-resisters suffered for their defiance. Although Okada himself actually answered yes to both queries on the loyalty questionnaire, enlisting in the Air Force during World War II, he spoke with a No-No Boy named Hajime Akutsu after completing his military service and was moved enough by Akutsu’s experiences to tell his story.​ The book has immortalized the emotional turmoil that No-No Boys endured for making a decision that is now largely viewed as heroic. The shift in how No-No Boys are perceived is in part due to the federal government’s acknowledgment in 1988 that it had wronged Japanese Americans by interning them without cause. Twelve years later, the JACL apologized for widely vilifying draft resisters. In November 2015, the musical Allegiance, which chronicles a No-No Boy, debuted on Broadway.

A Contraversial Issue utilized by George W. Bush during his presidency Essay

A Contraversial Issue utilized by George W. Bush during his presidency - Essay Example evel of responsibility by the governments of Afghanistan and Iraq in the terror attacks of 11 September on the U.S., the actions which allegedly caused the invasions in question. First, this discussion will examine the motives postulated by the U.S. for military actions against these sovereign nations. It is the contention of this dialogue as well as the vast majority of the world and, as it now seems, the American public that these actions were patently illegal, immoral and inexcusable. The ‘War on Terrorism’ as it is commonly referred to, is phrase coined by United States government officials and is primarily used to justify the military initiative de jour. It is generally defined as the current conflict between the U.S. and radical Islamic factions. Immediately following and as a reactionary response to the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks on the U.S., President George Bush stated the county’s intent to initiate a ‘War on Terrorism’ which he characterized as a prolonged battle against those that would employ terrorist actions along with the nations that enabled them. When the U.S. invaded Afghanistan, legal advisors tied closely to the ideology of the Bush administration within the Justice Department’s Office advised Bush that the U.S. was not legally bound by the U.N. Charter or international laws with regard to rules of engaging a perceived enemy. These views were echoed by Alberto Gonzales, then White House legal advi sor for the President and now Attorney General of the U.S. He also advised President Bush that he did not have to comply with the Geneva Conventions in the handling of prisoners, or ‘detainees’ in this war on terror. This opinion, shared by legal counsels to the President, applied to not only those directly affiliated with Al Qaeda but to the entire ruling party in Afghanistan, the Taliban, because, as they argued, Afghanistan was a ‘failed state’ (Mayer, 2005, p. 32). The Bush administration chose to follow the

Lab report (Using NMR) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

(Using NMR) - Lab Report Example Hydrogen molecule found in the hydro carbon is the most frequently observed nuclear in the NMR spectroscopy (Orrell, Ã…  ik & Stephenson, 2010). A 2D nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy experiments entails a set of NMR methods which offer data that has been plotted in a space which is defined by 2 frequency axes and not a single one. The Methods of NMR that will be utilized in the experiment entails correlation spectroscopy, nuclear overhauser effect spectroscopy and the hetero nuclear single quantum correlation spectroscopy. Hetero nuclear single quantum correlation spectroscopy will detect the correlation between the nuclei of 2 different types that are divided by a bond. The method often presents a single peak per pair. The original two dimensional experiments were utilized to identify the nuclei which shared a scalar coupling. The presence of the off-diagonal often correlates the coupled partners (Orrell, Ã…  ik & Stephenson, 2010). The procedure is first conducted by collecting a sample of nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer that will be sufficient soluble in the solvent that was requested. The samples were prepared in solid, semi-solid or NMR chromatography. The sample was collected in 5mm nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer. The tubes were labeled with the significant concentric label. The purpose of the tubes being labeled was to ensure that the experiment is curried out sufficiently. The sample collected was sufficient enough to yield better results for the experiment since it was able to form the chromatography. In the C10H18O experiment, the experiment is often utilized to analyze coupling relationships between the protons. Clear solutions have been identified to offer the best results with turbid solutions presenting poor spectrum. To achieve the maximum solution, the solvent with the low viscosity was chosen (Orrell, Ã…  ik & Stephenson, 2010). In cases where the signal

The History of Newspapers

The History of Newspapers Introduction: Any kinds of news about something new or current affairs which appears frequently and is a type of publication can be considered as a Newspaper. According to American author Mark Twain â€Å"If you dont read the newspaper, youre uninformed. If you read the newspaper, youre mis-informed.† Newspaper consists of many different contents such as news, articles, features, advertisement and many more which is printed in relatively cheap newsprint. Newspaper publishes news daily or weekly of general interest to large portions of public in a specific geographic area. According to American Novelist Norman Mailer Once a newspaper touches a story the facts are lost forever, even the protagonists. A newspaper contains news and articles that touches personalities, business and finance, crime, severe weather, natural disasters, health and medicine, science and technology, sports, entertainment, fashion and arts divided and published in different sections closely related to proximity factor or general interest of the people. Even though the Newspaper is based on facts and news, personal opinions are adjusted through editorials and op-eds. The newspaper includes photographs shot by the photographers along with stories and articles along with graphic artists, data, chats and diagrams. All the reports or stories have headlines and photographs with caption is edited to be fixed somewhere in the papers layout after being checked by the editors usually supervised by an editor-in-chief or an executive editor. The newspaper business is kept alive by general circulation or through advertisement they carry. It is important for newspaper to provide citizens with information on government and politics. History of Newspaper in European context: The history of newspaper in Europe can be traced back to 59 B.C. to A.D. 222 in Rome when writing and reading gained reliability. The Roman Empire published Acta Diurna (Daily Acts), a daily handwritten news sheets which were carved in mental or stone and posted by the government in Roman forum. The acta contained news of Political happenings, trials, scandals, military campaigns and executions. These were printed with the order of Julius Caesar, a Roman general and author of Latin writing style. The printing press came into light to propagate news in Europe soon after the invention of letter press by Johann Gutenberg in the 1450s which was the initiation of movable type of printing press. In 1470, one of the first printed works which can be considered as news was an Italian account of a tournament. Christopher Columbus had written a letter reporting his discoveries which was set in type and was circulated all over Barcelona before he got there in 1493. There were thousands of printed newsbooks, short pamphlets reporting on a news event, and news ballads, details of current events written in verse and generally printed on one side of a single sheet of paper which were circulated all over Europe and its colonies specially America in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The newsbooks and news ballads was eligible enough to be called a newspaper since they appeared only once, to report only one story and had no identity separate from the scrupulous news report they told. There is no doubt that the concept of modern newspaper was invented in Europe. The oldest form of modern newspaper is said to be first published as a handwritten news sheets that circulated extensively in Venice, Italy in the sixteenth century. Notizie scritte (written notices) were published by the government of Venice in 1556 which led to the trademark of modern newspaper. Venice was the center of trade in Europe therefore hub for information. The Venetian news sheets also known as avisi or gazettes which was handwritten had information and news regarding politics, wars and economy of Italy and Europe during early modern era (1500 – 1800). The newspaper traveled all along Europe till London and was distributed weekly during 1566 A.D. They techniques and style they applied for this paper were short sets of news items, advanced from a particular city, printed under the name of that city along with the date on which they were sent. These techniques would be used in most early p rinted newspapers and this idea of handwritten newsbooks travelled all the way to Germany and Holland. According to World association of newspapers, the oldest surviving European printed newspaper were published weekly in German language in Germany, the first being Relation aller Fà ¼rnemmen und gedenckwà ¼rdign Historien printed in 1605 A.D. in Strasbourg by Johann Carlous followed Avisa Relation oder Zeitun printed by Lucas Schlute in 1609 in Wolfenbà ¼ttel. The names of the cities were not included in the papers in order to evade government prosecutions. It did not take much time for the printed newspaper to spread through Europe rapidly starting from printed weeklies which appeared in Basel in 1610, followed by Frankfort and Vienna in 1615 and finally in Berlin by 1617. All the weeklies were in German language and no specific names have been discovered. In 1618 the first Dutch newspaper weekly was introduced in Amsterdam called Courante uyt Italien, Buytslandt, c. which can be considered as the first broadsheet paper because it was issued in folio – size rather than previously printed pamphlets in quarto – size. The very first newspaper printed in England came in 1621 when an English official complained about the lack of means of communication in England. The French started printing newspaper of its own in May 30, 1631 called La Gazette in Paris. The Italians introduced their first printed weekly in 1639 followed by Spanish Catalan language newspaper Gazeta in 1641. The first English Language newspaper was printed in Amsterdam by Joris Veseler for the publisher Pieter van den Keere in 1620. The first English newspaper does not begin with a title because in those early days papers often did not have consistent names. The first English newspaper is well illustrated by the following item: Out of Ceulen (cologne), the 24 of November. Letters of Neurenburge of the 20 of this present, make mention, that they had advise from the Borders of Bohemis, that there had been a very great Battle by Prague. The news was translated in English, printed and shipped to London. Many early newspapers did not have many stories to be printed and struggled to find new news to fill their paper every week, especially in England, the news were published late. The readers expectation of weekly newes was not fulfilled during those time. This led to more working hours to gather news to fill the weekly news and this pace of gathering news lead to adapt itself to the schedule of daily newspapers later on. The first actually printed newspaper in England was Corante, or weekely newes from Italy, Gerany, Hungary, Poland, Bohemia, France and the low Countreys in September 24, 1621. The publisher known by only initials N.B. whose credits are given either to Nathaniel Butter and Nicholas Bourne which were both Englands first newspaper journalist. The second newspaper in France Gazette de France was also published in 1631 by Theophraste Renaudot which survived till the French Revolution in 1789. There were basically two formats in which the newspaper were published in early days; one was the Dutch paper style known as corantos, in which the reports were packed densely in only two or four pages and the other style was the German weeklies, generally a pamphlets with eight to twenty four pages. The Dutch style of paper eventually turned into German style in 1622. The news were printed directly in print shop as soon as it was received, such as the thirty years war raging on the continent at that time appeared under the name of Vienna, Frankfort or Prague or any other cities where a letter or newspaper found its way to a printing shop. The same news printed in some date in a certain city was printed in different date in some other city. In London the process of editing story to make it easier for the reader started by editor Thomas Gainsford, who started working in series of early English newspaper in 1622. The Oxford Gazette which was established in 7 November 1665 and that contained official journals of record of the British government is the oldest surviving English newspaper in the world today. The Daily Courant was the first daily newspaper in the England and the world. It was first published in 11 March 1702 and was produced by Elizabeth Mallet and contained a single page with advertisements on the reverser side. Year Newspaper Language City Country Reference 1605 Relation aller Fà ¼rnemmen und gedenckwà ¼rdign Historien German Strasbourg Holy Roman Empire First newspaper of the world 1609 Avisa Relation oder Zeitung German Wolfenbà ¼ttel Holy Roman Empire 1610 German Basel Swiss Confederacy 1615 German Frankfurt Holy Roman Empire 1617 German Berlin Holy Roman Empire 1618 Courante uyt Italien Duytslandt, c. Dutch Amsterdam Dutch Republic It is the worlds first broadsheet. out of use in 1664 1620 Nieuwe Tijdinghen Dutch Antwerp Spanish Netherlands Published in 1605 – 1629 1631 La Gazette French Paris France First newspaper in French language and first weekly magazine established between May 30, 1631 – September 30, 1915 1641 Gazeta Catalan Barcelona Spain The first Catalan Language newspaper. Only two issues were published 1645 Ordinari Post Tijdender Swedish Stockholm Sweden Oldest and still published newspaper in the world. Went online in 2007 1656 Weeckelycke Courante van Europa Dutch Haarlem Dutch Republic In 1664 the name was changed to Oprechte haerlemsche Courant. The newspaper merged with the Haarlems Dagblad in 1942 and still exists. 1661 La Gazeta Spanish Madrid Kingdom of Spain Existed till 2008 as Boletin official del Estado and went completely online from 2009. 1661 Merkuriusz Polski Ordynaryjny Polish Krakow Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Lasted till 22 July 1661 in Warsaw. 1664 Gazzetta di Mantova Italian Mantua Duchy of Mantua, Holy Roman Empire Still the oldest privet and continuously published print in the world. 1665 Oxford Gazette English Oxford England It was renamed as London Gazette and moved to London in 1666. 1702 Daily Courant English London England It was the worlds first daily Newspaper. Merged with the Daily Gazetteer in 1735. 1702 Vedomosti Russian Moscow Russia Renamed as Sankt – Petersburgskie in 1728, and again renamed as Petrogradskie Vedomosti in 1914. Last issue in 1917. 1703 Wiener Zeitung German Vienna Austria Still in publication. 1704 The Review English London England Founded by Daniel Defoe as a Review of the Affairs of France until 1713. 1705 Hildesheimer Relations – Courier German Hildesheim Germany Still in publication with name Hildesheimer Allgemeine Zeitung. 1705 Mercurius Hungaricus Hungarian Hungary Hungary Was printed in Latin and lasted till 1710. 1709 The Tatler English London Kingdom of Great Britain Founder was Richarded Steele and existed till 1711. 1709 The Worcester Post – Man English Worcester Kingdom of Great Britain Renamed as Berrows Worcester journal since 1753. Last publication was in 1690. 1710 The Examiner English London Kingdom of Great Britain Jonathan swift had the most contribution and lasted till 1714. 1711 The Spectator English London Kingdom of Great Britain Founded by Joseph Addison and lasted till 1712. 1719 The Daily Post English London Kingdom of Great Britain Established in 1719 by Daniel Defoe. It contained news about current events, science, art and all important dates. 1719 PraÃ…Â ¾skà © poÃ… ¡tovskà © noviny Czech Prague Kingdom of Bohemia It was a weekly newspaper which is no more. 1731 Gentlemans Magazine English London England Lasted till 1922 and was first to use the term magazine. 1734 Lloyds List English London England It still publishes news about shipping, marine insurance and is the oldest English – language daily to be published till date. 1735 Gazzetta di Parma Italian Parma Duchy of Parma Still available. 1737 The Belfast News Letter English Belfast Kingdom of Ireland Still available. 1738 Feuille dAvis de Neuchà ¢tel French Neuchatel Swiss Confederacy The oldest French – Language daily newspaper which is still published. 1747 The Press and Journal English Aberdeen United Kingdom Still available. 1749 Berlingske Danish Copenhagen Denmark – Norway Originally known as Kjà ¸benhavnske Danske Post-Tidender. Still available. 1752 Leeuwarder Courant Dutch Leeuwarden The Netherlands Originally known as Leeuwarder Saturdagse Courant. Still available. 1758 Norrkà ¶pings Tidningar Swedish Norrkà ¶ping Sweden Originally published weekly asNorrkà ¶pings Weko-Tidningar. Still available. 1761 Nassau – Saarbrà ¼ckisches Wochenblatt German Saarbrà ¼cken Nassausaarbrucken Still available as Sarbrà ¼ker Zeitung. 1767 Adresseavisen Norwegian Trondheim Denmark – Norway Originally namedKongelig allene privilegerede Trondheims Adresse-Contoirs Efterretninger. Still available 1767 Finns Leinster Journal English Kilkenny Kingdom of Ireland 1772 Fyens Stiftstidende Danish Odense Denmark – Norway Originally namedKongelig Privilegerede Odense Adresse-Contoirs Efterretninger. Still available. 1783 The Herald English Glasgow United Kingdom Still available. 1785 The Times English London United Kingdom Still available. 1791 The observer English London United Kingdom First Sunday newspaper of the world. Still available. 1794 Arhus Stiftstidende Danish Denmark – Norway Arhus Originally named Aarhus Stifts-Tidende.still available 1817 The Scotsman English Edinburgh United Kingdom Still available 1821 The Guardian English Manchester United Kingdom Originally named The Manchester Guardian. Still available. 1824 Abo Underrà ¤ttelser Swedish Abo Finland Still available. 1826 Le Figaro French Paris France Still available. 1829 Curierul Romà ¢nesc Romanian Bucharest Romania Lasted from 1829 to 1859. 1829 Albina Romà ¢nească Romanian Lasi Romania Lasted from 1829 to 1850. 1831 Takvim-I vekayi Turkish Istanbul Ottoman Empire Published till 1891. 1835 O Aà §oriano Oriental Portuguese Ponta Delgada Azores Portugal Still available. 1843 News of the World English London United Kingdom Closed in 7 July 2011, after the phone hacking scandal. 1844 Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant Dutch Rotterdam The Netherlands Merged with Algemeen Handelsblad in 1970 and still available. 1846 LIndà ©pendant French Perpignan France Still available. 1853 Faro de Vigo Spanish Vigo Spain Oldest and still available newspaper published in spain. 1854 Surrey Comet English London United Kingdom Still available. 1855 The Daily Telegraph English London United Kindom Still available. 1855 A Aurora do Lima Portuguese Viana do Castelo Portugal Still available. 1859 Le Progrà ¨s French Lyon France Still available. 1859 La Nazione Italian Florence Grand Duchy of Tuscany Still available. 1861 LOsservatore Romano Italian Vatican City Papal States Semi official newspaper of the Holy See. 1863 Church Times English London England Weekly newspaper which is still available. 1870 La Dà ©pà ªche du Midi French Tlulouse France Still available. 1873 Richmond and Twickenham Times English London England Weekly London newspaper which is still available. 1877 Dernià ¨res Nouvelles dAlsace French Strasbourg France Still available. 1881 The Evening News English London England Closed in 1987. 1882 El Pireneo Aragonà ©s Spanish Jaca Spain Still published in the Autonomous community of Aragon. 1888 Financial Times English London United Kingdom Still available. 1889 LEst Rà ©publicain French Nancy France Still available. 1891 Gazet van Antwerpen Dutch Antwerp Flanders, Belgium Still available. 1891 La Nuova Sardegna Italian Sassari Kindom of Italy Still available. 1893 Lidovà © Noviny Czech Brno Moravia, Austria – Hungary Still published in Prague and known as Lidovky. 1893 De Telegraaf Dutch Amsterdam The Netherlands Still available and is the largest Newspaper in Holland. 1895 Heraldo de Aragà ³n Spanish Zaragoza Spain Still available and known as Heraldo. 1896 Daily Mail English London England Was a major trendsetter for English newspaper market by starting the trend for popular mass journalism and is still published. Table 1: List of oldest newspapers in Europe according to the World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers. The freedom of the press was very much suppressed during those times and controlled by the authorities therefore very less news about the country was being printed at those times. The newspapers were not allowed to discuss any local or national issues or events. The first breakthrough in news writing came during the English Civil War after the parliament under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell struggled with King Charles I, and journalist felt free to discuss about it. The first English newspaper to talk about national issue was the sedate little weekly entitles which talked about the proceedings in the parliament in 1641. The struggle of freedom of press was initiated by John Milton in His Areopagitica in England 1644. They were free from government control and experienced free press. According to the historian Joseph Frank, newspapers in England were the first to use Headlines, print advertisement, employ women, newsboy to sell newspapers and proper journalist in the world in 1640s. Newspaper started reporting newsworthy national stories by 1649 with a story: This day the King was beheaded, over against the Banquetting house by White – Hall†¦. Cormwell gained more power after the beheading of Charles I and cracked down the press allowing only few newspapers to be printed. However the Glorious Revolution in 1688 again free the press freedom and the Licensing Act lapsed in 1695 allowing press to criticize the government and write what they pleased. Newspapers started taking new turns by becoming more commercial with more advertisement along with printing price listings and market reports. In 1650 the worlds oldest surviving printed daily newspaper Einkommende Zeitung was established in Leipzig in 1650. Daily Courant became the first daily newspaper in the world which appeared in London in 1702. In the early eighteenth century, according to journalism historian Stanley Morison, the newspaper gained a hold on Londons commercial classes which it never lost. At that time, too, great essayists like Joseph Addison, Richard Steele, Daniel Defoe and Jonathan Swift began publishing newspapers filled with their social and political commentaries in London. Breakthrough in English newspaper came when journalist were allowed so sit in the gallery in parliament, however they could not take any notes. In 1783 journalist were allowed to take notes after William Woodfall, editor of morning Chronicles send his reports to write the parliament proceedings. Similarly reports about the French Revolution were heavily written all over Europe which led to many other revolutions notably the American Revolution in late 1700s. The early 19th century there was many newspapers being published in Europe specially after the Industrial Revolution. Advances in printing technology related to the Industrial Revolution enabled newspapers to Become and even more widely circulated means of communication. By 1814, the Times (London) acquired a printing press capable of making 1,100 impressions per minute. Conclusion In this way the development of newspapers in Europe has impacted the way of newspaper writing and printing all over the world. The rich history of newspaper in Europe and its domination around the world at that period has left a lot of impact and impression on other newspaper around the world. According to WAN-IFRA Currently there are more than 15 thousand newspaper titles in the world. Newspaper is a part of eve

Lewis’ Babbitt as a Conformist

In 1922 Sinclair Lewis published the book which won the Nobel Prize portraying the very special personage whose surname – Babbitt – became a household word, a symbol of middle–class Philistine. For the first time we meet George Follanbee Babbitt at his bed going to awaken and dreaming of the fairy child. And here, from the very beginning of his novel Lewis gives occasion to an attentive reader to realize that something is wrong with this 46 years old businessman. Babbitt likes to escape from reality which means the reality is not too attractive to him.He is often becoming angry and irritated by everything and everybody – by sullen wife, by impossible children. And then in the course of novel Lewis gradually expose a tragedy of a man who is in deep disbalance with himself. George Babbitt has obtained all required to match precisely the template of social expectation, except entire comfort with it. Distracted by the feeling that there must be more, Babbitt s tarts pushing limits. But he has no choice. He could not help but be what he was.Near the end of the novel, after a brief rebellion which included a furtive, adulterous love affair he sits in the train returning back to Zenith and suddenly realizes that he couldn't escape as he is able to do only things which all could do. He failed to tear himself away from the vicious circle of Philistinism. That is his cardinal problem. It is the typical problem of a middling person who lives own life without passion or satisfaction to his heart's content and going with the stream. However Babbitt is not stripped of imagination, and he knows for sure his own weakness and the dismals.The personality of Babbitt is totally controlled by the force of conformity. It is so dominant that even after Babbitt realizes the stifling nature of the society in which he lives he is powerless to change his fate as a member of conformist society. Pressure to conform lies in all aspects of Babbitt's life. Relations hips, family, social life, and business are all based on his ability to conform to Zenith's preset standards of thought and action. All of his thoughts are those of society, and thoughts that are not of society are ridiculed hence they are frowned upon by him.Babbitt works simply to raise his social status by means of increasing his material worth. He goes about his normal routine praising modern technology, material possessions and social status only as ways to measure the significance of an individual. He belongs to many popular clubs, the purposes of which he does not even completely understand. Why does Babbitt do these things? He does these things to perform for the other members of society. He does everything expected of him even if he does not expect those things of himself.Babbitt does these things in hope of improving his social status. This conformist man is exactly who Sinclair Lewis wanted to show the reader, a man whose life is based on the ideals and standards of other s. The goals set by society are economic and material worth, social standing, and conservative thought. Since Babbitt has achieved, at least in part, these goals he is in a sense fooled into believing he is truly happy. But†¦ Every minute and calorie not needed for plowing, sawing and bolting can be spent playing the cello, gazing at the stars, learning to draw, fishing, making love.If only someone started thinking about it, the future could be full of both material wealth for everyone and more, also for everyone, more of what the materially wealthy George Babbitt knew he lacked when he declared, that never in his life he done a thing which he wanted to do. By his George Babbitt Lewis shows us how we oughtn't to live, he gives us a vivid specimen how dissimulation and sanctimony could ruin a person's own life. The image of Babbitt is unforgettable, and the book is for sure worth the highest praise.

The Political Culture Of Reconstruction - 836 Words

In Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Culture of Reconstruction, Laura Edwards studied how gender, race, and class shaped not only the political terrain of the South during Reconstruction, but also its private and public foundations. Edwards viewed the Southern household during this period as a â€Å"highly contested political issue.† Following the war, changes swept southern society regarding how households were defined, who were the heads of those households, and what rights these heads and their dependents held. She argued that African American and common white women became a very loud and â€Å"vigorous public presence both during and after the Civil War.† Being poor, black, or both, these women demanded that concerns for their family’s welfare and safety, such as issues of rape and physical violence, be heard. Therefore, these women â€Å"moved private issues onto the public stage.† Within her work, Edwards extended Reconstruction to the end of the nineteenth century. She stated that â€Å"racial and class hierarchies appeared as ‘natural’ as gender hierarchy, and the political power of poor white and African-American men appeared as pointless as that of women.† She discussed that the end of Reconstruction concluded at different times in different places throughout North Carolina, ultimately ending with the white supremacy campaign in 1898 leading to disfranchisement. Before 1898, many African Americans and â€Å"dissenting whites retained their grip on local power,† whichShow MoreRelatedAfrican American and Black People Essay1273 Words   |  6 Pages1 . What issues most concerned black political leaders during Reconstruction? Reconstruction brought important social changes to former slaves. Families that had been separated before and during the Civil War were reunited, and slave marriages were formalized through legally recognized ceremonies. 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